3^{rd International Conference on} Parkinson’s Disease & Movement Disorders September 25-26, 2017 Chicago, USA

Neurocognitive disorder is a reduction of cognitive function in one of these areas, especially when physical changes can be seen to have occurred in the cerebrum, for example, after neurological disease, brain injury or drug use. It occurs due to PD with behaviour disturbance. According to the recent projects of the United Nations between 2000 to 2050 the people over 65 years of age will exceed 1.1 billion worldwide. For estimation by 2050 Parkinson’s disease will be $285 billion in the USA.

Neuromuscular disorder is a disease that affects the peripheral nervous system which includes muscles, nerve-muscle junction, and peripheral nerves in the limbs and motor nerve cells in the spinal cord. Approximately 5600 people in the US are diagnosed with ALS each year. In US each year 750,000 people experience stroke, 11000 people suffer spinal cord injury, 500,000 people suffering from cerebral palsy, 270,000 with multiple sclerosis and 5.3 million with the after affects of a traumatic brain injury and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Risk factor for the Parkinson’s disease mainly depends on age, hereditary, sex and exposure to toxins. Men are more affected than women; 25%-45% are caused by the loss of dopamine which causes rigid movements. Advancing age is a factor that is more consistently associated with an increase in the Parkinson’s disease; only 5%-10% of people get PD before age of 40. It involve some of the symptoms like anxiety, cognitive problems, tremor or shaking, depression, trouble sleeping, low voice, loss of smell etc. Now a day’s Head injury and Gene variation is also a factor for Parkinson’s disease

There is no direct treatment for Parkinson’s disease as well any blood test or brain scan that confirms the diagnosis. Most PD treatments aim to restore the proper of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and dopamine by increasing the dopamine levels. Treatment is totally based on the medical history and a neurological examination. At present there is no cure for PD, medications can lessen its symptoms and later stages surgery can be done. Medications are in three stages- first includes the drug which is known as levodopa which increase the dopamine in the brain, the second set of drugs eases some of the Parkinson’s disease symptoms and the third set of drugs helps to control the non-motor symptoms including depression.

The most prominent pathological lesion observed in PD occurs in the basal ganglia of the brain’s extra-pyramidal system. Non-PD patients and without nigrostriatal degeneration develope dyskinesias in response to dopaminergic. It is caused by gradual loss of nerve cells in the brain area called nigra and also by low and falling dopamine levels. The worldwide prevalence of Parkinson disease is anticipated to grow to 2.89 million cases worldwide by 2022.

Parkinson's disease is not thought to be a life threatening condition, but rather it has a vast effect of your personal satisfaction. With time, the sickness can bring about issues with speech, movement, and brain functioning. The major complication in Parkinson’s disease are blood pressure changes, depression, emotional changes, thinking difficulties, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, smell dysfunction, pain and sleep disorders

It is important to develope a solid PD management plan because PD is a chronic disease. Managing with Parkinson’s disease includes building a health care team with proper doctors, proper intake of medications, exercises, nutrition and sleep.

Parkinson’s disease is the essential growth driver of the worldwide Parkinson’s disease therapeutics. Most mutations such as SNCA, PINK1, PARK2, PARK7, PLA2G6, FBXO7 and ATP13A2 are the rare cause of the disease and one particular mutation in LRRK2 has been found common in certain populations. The enzymatic function of the mitochondrial localized kinase PINK1 is thereby essential and delivers a fast production of Parkin from its uniform distribution in the cytoplasm to damaged mitochondria. The therapeutics of Parkinson Disease includes designing a Clinical trial for Parkinson, Outcome of clinical trials in PSP, therapeutic options for mood, Cognition and Psychosis. Physical therapy cannot cure Parkinson’s disease but therapy can help to compensate the changes brought about by the condition, physical therapy can help with balance problems, fatigue, pain, weakness and sometimes local heat application is produced with high frequency to relieve muscle aches and pain.

Neural transplantation is the transplantation of nerve cells and tissues into the brain and spinal cord. The cell replacement for Parkinson’s Disease is based on two hypothesis- firstly the early symptoms of PD are dependent on the loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathways and secondly the dopaminergic neurons and gathered into dopamine deficient striatum can replace those neurons which has been lost during the disease process and can reverse some extent of the major symptoms of Parkinson disease. 

 It is a technique which aims at treating diseases by genetically modifying population of cells into the patient body instead of using drugs and surgery to prevent from any disorder. Various methods have been developed for the gene delivery to the target cells which includes viral and non-viral systems. It is a creation of producing new cells that will produce a specific neurotransmitter which is dopamine to protect the neural system and then these cells are transplanted to the patient having Parkinson’s disease because the neurons cannot be renewed further. Some important reasons are there for focusing gene therapy which includes firstly there is no cure for PD disease; secondly some genes which are identified can modulate the neuron phenotype. 

Paediatric movement disorder is a moderately new and developing field of child neurology. While hypokinetic scatters, for example, Parkinson disease prevails in adults. There are many genetic disease which cause secondary movement disorders in childhood. Propels in paediatric movement disorder have been made by solidifying movement disorder definitions, growing the range of clinical phenotypes, understanding genetic reasons for movement disorders, and thoroughly assessing treatment adequacy for normal movement disorders. The central nervous systems typically implicated in disorders of movement are the basal and frontal cortex. Five areas were highlighted these advances: consensus definitions, newly found PRRT2 mutation, clinical and genetic range of GLUT-1 lack and neurodegeneration with brain iron aggregation (NBIA) issue, and exhaustive behavioural interventions for tics (CBIT).